Introduction
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide, affecting both men and women. While HPV is often discussed in the context of cervical cancer in women, it’s important to recognize that men are also at risk for serious HPV-related health problems. HPV in men can lead to genital warts and several types of cancer, including anal, penile, and oropharyngeal (throat) cancers. Despite these risks, awareness, vaccination, and screening efforts for men remain limited compared to women. This article provides a comprehensive overview of HPV in men, covering risks, symptoms, and screening considerations to help men take proactive steps toward protecting their health.
What Is HPV and How Do Men Get It?
HPV is a group of over 200 related viruses, with more than 40 types spread through sexual contact—vaginal, anal, and oral. It is extremely common: most sexually active people will get it at some point, often without knowing.
Transmission in Men:
Men can get HPV through:
- Vaginal or anal sex
- Oral sex
- Skin-to-skin genital contact with someone infected
Because most HPV infections do not cause symptoms, men may unknowingly spread the virus to partners, even if they feel perfectly healthy.
High-Risk vs Low-Risk HPV Types
HPV types are classified into:
- Low-risk types (e.g., HPV 6 and 11): Cause genital warts, rarely linked to cancer.
- High-risk types (e.g., HPV 16 and 18): Can lead to cancer, especially when the infection persists.
In men, high-risk types are associated with oropharyngeal, anal, and penile cancers.
Health Risks of HPV in Men
1. Genital Warts
- Caused by low-risk HPV types (usually 6 and 11)
- Appear as small, flesh-colored bumps on the penis, scrotum, anus, or thighs
- Non-cancerous but can be embarrassing or uncomfortable
2. Anal Cancer
- 90% of anal cancers are linked to high-risk HPV
- Risk is higher in men who have sex with men, especially those who are HIV-positive
3. Penile Cancer
- A rare but serious cancer, with 60% of cases linked to HPV
- More likely in uncircumcised men and those with a history of genital warts
4. Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancer
- Includes cancer of the base of the tongue, tonsils, and throat
- HPV 16 is the main cause
- Increasing rapidly, particularly in men over 40, and is now more common than cervical cancer in women in some countries
Symptoms of HPV-Related Conditions in Men
HPV infection itself often causes no symptoms. But once complications develop, symptoms may include:
Genital Warts:
- Soft, raised bumps on or around the genitals or anus
- May be single or clustered, and can itch or bleed
Anal Cancer:
- Rectal bleeding or discharge
- Pain or itching in the anal area
- Lumps or swelling around the anus
Penile Cancer:
- Changes in skin color or thickness on the penis
- Lumps, sores, or growths
- Pain, bleeding, or foul-smelling discharge
Throat Cancer:
- Persistent sore throat
- Difficulty swallowing
- Lump in the neck
- Voice changes or hoarseness
Important: These symptoms can mimic other conditions, so it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider if any appear.
Can HPV Be Detected in Men?
Unlike women, there is no FDA-approved HPV test for men for general screening. This is partly because HPV often clears on its own and testing would not change treatment in most healthy men. However, testing may be considered in certain high-risk groups.
HPV Testing in High-Risk Men:
- Anal Pap smear: Used in men who are at higher risk for anal cancer (e.g., men who have sex with men, HIV-positive men)
- Visual examination: For genital warts or suspicious lesions
- Throat exams: If symptoms of oropharyngeal cancer appear
Men should speak with their healthcare provider if they are concerned or in a high-risk group.
HPV Vaccination for Men
The HPV vaccine is highly effective in preventing the most harmful types of the virus and is recommended for males and females.
Vaccination Guidelines for Men:
- Ages 9–14: 2 doses, 6–12 months apart
- Ages 15–26: 3-dose series
- Ages 27–45: Vaccination can still offer benefits; discuss with a doctor
The vaccine protects against:
- Genital warts (types 6 and 11)
- Cancers caused by types 16, 18, and other high-risk strains
Even men who are already sexually active may benefit, as they may not have been exposed to all the covered strains.
HPV Prevention Beyond Vaccination
While the vaccine is the most effective preventive tool, other measures can help reduce HPV transmission:
- Use condoms or dental dams during sex (though not 100% effective since HPV can infect areas not covered)
- Limit the number of sexual partners
- Avoid tobacco: Smoking weakens the immune system and increases cancer risk
- Routine STI screenings and open communication with partners
When Should Men See a Doctor?
Men should consult a healthcare provider if they:
- Notice warts, sores, or changes in their genital or anal area
- Have persistent sore throat, lumps, or swallowing difficulties
- Belong to a high-risk group (HIV-positive, immunocompromised, MSM)
- Are unsure about vaccination status or eligibility
Early evaluation and management can make a significant difference, especially for HPV-related cancers.
Conclusion
HPV is not just a women’s health issue—it significantly affects men too. From genital warts to serious cancers, the impact of HPV in men is real and often underrecognized. The good news is that HPV-related health issues in men are largely preventable through vaccination, safe sex practices, and increased awareness.
Men should take HPV seriously:
- Get vaccinated if eligible
- Stay alert for symptoms
- Talk to a healthcare provider about screening if at risk
Increased education and prevention efforts can help protect not only individual men, but also reduce the overall spread of HPV in the population.
FAQs:
Can men get HPV?
Yes, men can get HPV through vaginal, anal, or oral sex and skin-to-skin contact with an infected partner.
What health problems can HPV cause in men?
HPV can cause genital warts, and cancers of the throat, anus, and penis, especially from high-risk types.
Can men be tested for HPV?
There’s no routine HPV test for men, but high-risk individuals may undergo anal Pap tests or visual exams if symptoms appear.
Should men get the HPV vaccine?
Yes, it’s recommended for boys starting at age 9 and for men up to age 26. Adults up to 45 can consider it after consulting a doctor.
Can HPV in men be cured?
There’s no cure for the virus, but most infections clear on their own. Warts and precancerous lesions can be treated.
