Introduction
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus. While there is no specific antiviral cure, most patients recover with proper supportive care. However, measles can lead to serious complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, and dehydration—especially in children under 5, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals. Effective treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, preventing complications, and supporting recovery.
Supportive Care for Measles
Since measles is caused by a virus, antibiotics are not used unless a bacterial complication develops. Supportive care aims to ease symptoms and help the immune system fight the infection.
1. Rest and Hydration
- Why: Measles often causes high fever, weakness, and loss of appetite, leading to fatigue and dehydration.
- How:
- Encourage bed rest to conserve energy.
- Drink plenty of fluids (water, soup, oral rehydration solutions) to prevent dehydration.
2. Fever and Pain Management
- Why: Fever, sore throat, and body aches are common.
- How:
- Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen can reduce fever and discomfort.
- Avoid aspirin in children due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome.
3. Nutritional Support
- Why: Measles can reduce appetite, and malnutrition increases complication risk.
- How:
- Offer nutrient-rich, soft foods.
- For children in developing countries, WHO recommends two doses of vitamin A supplements (given 24 hours apart) to reduce the risk of severe illness and death.
4. Eye and Nose Care
- Why: Measles often causes eye redness and nasal congestion.
- How:
- Use a clean, damp cloth to wipe away eye discharge.
- Saline nasal drops can ease congestion.
5. Isolation to Prevent Spread
- Why: Measles spreads through airborne droplets and remains infectious for 4 days before and after rash onset.
- How:
- Isolate the patient during this period.
- Avoid contact with unvaccinated individuals.
Preventing Complications
1. Monitoring for Danger Signs
Seek immediate medical attention if the patient develops:
- Difficulty breathing or persistent cough (possible pneumonia)
- Seizures, confusion, or severe headache (possible encephalitis)
- Persistent diarrhea or inability to keep fluids down (possible severe dehydration)
2. Treating Secondary Infections
- If measles leads to bacterial infections like ear infections or pneumonia, doctors may prescribe antibiotics.
3. Special Care for High-Risk Groups
- Infants, pregnant women, and immunocompromised patients may require hospitalization.
- In severe cases, supportive treatments like oxygen therapy or IV fluids may be necessary.
Conclusion
While there is no direct cure for measles, prompt supportive care can significantly reduce the severity of symptoms and the risk of life-threatening complications. Adequate rest, hydration, fever control, vitamin A supplementation, and close monitoring are essential. The best way to “treat” measles is to prevent it in the first place through timely vaccination.
FAQs
Can measles be treated with antibiotics?
No. Antibiotics only work against bacterial infections, but they may be used if measles causes secondary bacterial complications.
Why is vitamin A important in measles treatment?
It boosts immune function, supports eye health, and reduces the risk of severe illness and death in children.
How long does measles usually last?
The illness typically lasts 7–10 days, but fatigue may persist for weeks.
When should a measles patient be hospitalized?
If they have breathing problems, seizures, severe dehydration, or belong to a high-risk group.
What’s the most effective way to prevent measles complications?
Early supportive care, close monitoring, and vaccination to avoid the disease altogether.
