Introduction Nausea and vomiting are common complications after surgery, affecting 20–30% of patients. Known as postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), this condition can occur after general anesthesia, regional anesthesia, or certain medications used during surgery. While often self-limiting, PONV can delay recovery, prolong hospital stays, and cause discomfort, dehydration, and wound complications. Understanding the causes, risk factors, prevention, and management of PONV is essential for patients and healthcare providers. Causes of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting 1. Anesthesia Effects 2. Surgical Factors 3. Patient Factors 4. Medications Symptoms Prevention of PONV 1. Risk Assessment 2. Medications 3. Anesthesia Techniques 4. Hydration…