Introduction Probiotics have exploded in popularity over the last decade, marketed as over-the-counter (OTC) solutions for everything from bloating and diarrhea to immunity and mental clarity. These “good bacteria” promise to restore balance to the gut microbiome, particularly after disruptions caused by antibiotics. With increasing consumer awareness about gut health’s connection to overall wellness, the market is now flooded with probiotic supplements in pills, powders, gummies, and fermented foods. However, despite their growing presence on pharmacy shelves, not all probiotics are created equal—and their benefits are highly strain-specific, dosage-dependent, and subject to numerous regulatory and scientific challenges. Understanding Probiotic Strains…