Overview of COPD COPD is a chronic lung disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. It primarily includes two conditions: chronic bronchitis, which involves inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes, and emphysema, where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged. The main cause of COPD is long-term exposure to irritants, most commonly cigarette smoke, but it can also result from exposure to air pollution, chemical fumes, and dust. COPD progresses gradually, and symptoms often worsen over time. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, chronic cough, wheezing, and frequent respiratory infections. As the disease advances, it can…
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Understanding Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot, often originating from the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis or DVT), travels to the lungs and obstructs a pulmonary artery. This blockage can restrict blood flow, reduce oxygen supply, and cause damage to lung tissues. PE can range from mild to severe and, if left untreated, can lead to severe complications, including cardiovascular collapse and death. Factors contributing to the risk of PE include prolonged immobility, certain medical conditions, recent surgeries, hormonal therapies, and genetic predispositions. Identifying and managing risk factors is essential to reducing the likelihood…