Introduction Smallpox, a highly contagious and often fatal disease, was characterized by fever and a distinctive rash. For centuries, it caused widespread suffering and death. The global eradication of smallpox was achieved through a massive, coordinated vaccination campaign, demonstrating the power of scientific research and public health interventions. Despite its eradication, the study of smallpox remains crucial for understanding viral pathogenesis, vaccine development, and preparedness for potential bioterrorism threats. This article delves into the historical and scientific aspects of smallpox research, highlighting its impact on medicine and public health.   The History of Smallpox Research Early Observations and Vaccination Smallpox…