Introduction: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a malignancy arising from the bile duct epithelium, presents significant challenges in diagnosis and management due to its aggressive nature and limited treatment options. Assessing treatment response in CCA is critical for guiding therapeutic decisions and optimizing patient outcomes. However, traditional imaging modalities and biomarkers have limitations in accurately capturing treatment effects in this heterogeneous disease. This blog explores emerging techniques and challenges in evaluating treatment response in CCA, offering insights into novel strategies for enhancing patient management and clinical trial design.   Imaging-Based Approaches: Conventional imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging…